In 1850 what European country was the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula?

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The Austrian Empire

Of the three major regions of northern Italy (Venetia, Lombardy, Piedmont), it had long occupied the first two outright and had just won a war against the third.

The states of central Italy were too small (except for the Papal States, which had also lost the war), and the Kingdom of Naples in the south too poor, to pursue policies hostile to Austria. Austria regarded any move toward a unification of Italy -- such as had prompted the war of 1848 -- as hostile.

As Metternich, the perennial Austrian Foreign Minister, put it, "Italy is a purely geographic expression."

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